International Association of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
Choose the Right Mentors
Stay Curious
Make Up Your Own Mind
Change Is the Only Constant
Focus on the Patient
Keep Honing Your Clinical Skills
Focus on Patient Symptoms
In my 40-year career, I have had a number of outstanding mentors who sparked my interest in neurology and movement disorders and I will always be grateful to them for inspiring me and for providing guidance, especially in my early development. Selecting the right mentor is one of the most important decisions a young physician or scientist can make. A mentor should not be a “tormentor”, but rather someone who is not only a cheerleader, but also a person of integrity and stature who provides constructive feedback, promotes a positive attitude, and forces the mentee to be creative and to anticipate future trends and needs.
One of the most important traits for a researcher or clinician to develop and cultivate is open-mindedness, a continuous curiosity about all that crosses your path. Your patients will certainly profit from this virtue, but you will profit even more. Curiosity has been a rich source of inspiration for me during my entire career. When I look back on my (happily still continuing) own life as a clinical neurologist, since the early seventies, a huge variety of open questions crossed my path, including uncertainties about how to adequately treat patients (for instance, preventing neurosyphilis in latent syphilitic patients) to understanding empirical treatments (for instance, the effects of corticosteroids in myasthenia gravis patients). I then became fascinated by the challenges in movement disorders, inspired by the etiopathophysiology and treatment of the dopaminomimetic psychosis, as well as the non-motor symptoms, especially hyposmia. After my retirement, I have found time to indulge myself into the (still promising) role of autologous stem cells in the quest to bring down the debilitating manifestations of traumatic, vascular and idiopathic neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, it was my interest in translational neurologic disorders which made my life, and I sincerely hope and wish that all of you will have the same experiences, and will enjoy daily practising our great profession as movement disorder specialists.
I was taught by two of my mentors, C. Miller Fisher and Ichiji Tasaki, not to believe anything unless I saw it for myself. This has been very good advice. Good to read the textbooks, but don’t fully accept what is written until you see it for yourself. This is certainly also useful in research where, as has been emphasized recently, many research results are not reproducible. And it is valuable advice when seeing patients. Several times I have seen patients where the diagnosis had been given some years before and then accepted without question by subsequent physicians. A look with a fresh eye might well reveal a different diagnosis. Of course, this can be due to evolution of the disorder, but sometimes the first physician was wrong.
When I started my career nearly 45 years ago, in our diagnostic armamentarium we only had spinal tap, EEG (6 channels), analog EMG, plain skull and spine X rays, carotid angiography done through direct carotid artery dye injection, and echoencephalography and pneumoencephalpgraphy (who can still remember these last two tests?). I recall the enthusiasm and amazement we had for the first small and hazy head CT pictures! During my professional career, neurology has developed into an amazing specialty that is able to offer patients not only precise diagnoses, but also individualized therapies. For example, the basic science discoveries in immunology and molecular genetics have already been implemented on translational basis.
The future of neurology is very bright. I am positive that young physicians and scientists who choose neurology now will not be disappointed!
I think in this age of ever-increasing corporate regimentation of health care delivery, in which time allowed with patients has decreased and clerical duties have increased, my advice to those clinicians younger than I (which means just about everyone) is to never lose sight of the patients. Listen to them. Look at them (not just at your computer). Rushing through an examination can (and will) lead to missed information and observations. Many a research idea has had its genesis in an observation made during a clinic visit. But beyond the science, rushing through clinic visits deprives us of the opportunity – actually the joy – of getting to really know our patients. Some of my most memorable moments from my years of practice derive from such interactions – attending a University of Nebraska vs. University of Oregon football game in Eugene (my red Nebraska shirt stood out starkly from the sea of green and yellow Duck fans) with one of my patients (unfortunately Nebraska lost – badly – as my Oregonian patient gleefully reminded me); attending a get-together of the Nebraska Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease group at the home of one of my patients on the Platte River right where the Sandhill Crane migration takes place; having patients from Nebraska insist on coming to Memphis, Tennessee for their appointments after I moved there – and bringing kolaches with them since they knew I have an affinity for them; receiving perceived (and very tongue-in-cheek) necessary educational books from patients (specifically “Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas”); and many more. Those are memories that cannot be replaced or forgotten, memories that make a career more than just a job.
We are living in an era of remarkable scientific advances that are occurring at a dizzying pace. There are increasing demands on academic physicians to concentrate on or specialize in more focused areas even within a subspecialty such as movement disorders. Importantly, interest in our field exploded with the ability to demonstrate and discuss large numbers of patients through videotape presentations, initially at international meetings such as the American Academy of Neurology and then with the founding of the first journal with a videotape supplement, Movement Disorders; both of these developments were particularly driven by two important fathers of our field, Stan Fahn and David Marsden. Unfortunately, the demands for sub-subspecialization have resulted in a devaluing of expertise in movement disorder phenomenology and diagnostic acumen. This has had important negative consequences for patient care. For example, I have seen this result in an over-reliance on genetic testing, sometimes attributing a clinical syndrome to completely unrelated and sometimes questionably relevant genetic findings (e.g., variants of uncertain significance) or in the submission of a patient with a functional/psychogenic movement disorder to invasive treatments such as deep brain stimulation. From my perspective, even the strongest movement disorders clinician-scientist needs to retain an interest in and enthusiasm for clinical skills, particularly the phenomenological underpinnings of our subspecialty. Indeed, this remains one of the most enjoyable and challenging aspects of our field that sets us aside from most other areas of medicine. The best movement disorders training programs in the world are those that combine training in the latest developments of neuroscience with a basic appreciation of the importance of the astute clinician.
Most people haven’t heard of Fukuoka. It is located on the Kyushu Island, the largest and the most southwesterly of Japan’s four main islands.
I was born in Tokyo and moved to Fukuoka more than 20 years ago and attended Fukuoka University to study medicine. Back in those days, I was a so-called “general neurologist”. Over the span of my career I have been engaged in providing medical care for patients with serious conditions such as stroke, epilepsy, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, etc. while also teaching students and trainees at the same time.
My clinical practice experience in Fukuoka indeed turned out to be very valuable. My first encounter with a Perry disease patient occurred in Fukuoka. Perry disease has since become the longstanding focus of my research. Perry disease is a unique familial Parkinson disease. Starting with this patient, we went on to conduct extensive family research and reported the first case of Perry disease in Japan. After studying in the United States at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, we began international collaborative research on this disease, and finally discovered that it was a pathologically and genetically distinct disease. Eventually this collaboration led us to propose an internationally-recognized diagnostic criteria for Perry disease.
Looking back, meeting this Perry disease patient in Fukuoka was a fateful encounter that set the stage for a productive career pursuit for me. In addition, Kyushu is a unique region with a large number of carriers of the rare HTLV-1 virus. Due to this distinctive local feature, there were many opportunities to see and study HTLV-1 related myelopathies in Kyushu. Furthermore, genetic prion disease – GSS has also been found to be concentrated in the Kyushu region. All these disease areas are important research themes of our Department of Neurology at Fukuoka University. When I was at Chiba University, I learned from Professor Keizo Hirayama that neurology shows some of the strongest symptomatology of all medical fields. I encourage you to understand and pay the utmost attention to patient symptoms in your clinical practice. Working with Dr. Wszolek and Dr. Dickson at Mayo Clinic, I learned to appreciate the fascinating aspects of research. What I would like to say to you all aspiring young neurologists is that you will learn the most from the patients you will encounter and care for and from a passionate mentor who can guide you through your journey.
Through your training, I hope you will continue to advance the intriguing field of neurology and help many patients along the way. With that, I invite you to go ahead with your questions and a discussion of your clinical interests.